11/21/2023 0 Comments Con que pica el mosquitoHowever, if vectors are present, infected returning travellers could initiate a local virus transmission as in the CHIKV outbreak occurred in the Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy, in 2007. Up to date, all the DENV and ZIKV human cases reported in Italy have been related only with returning travellers from endemic countries and not associated with transmission through local potentially competent vectors. Recently, a possible association between ZIKV infection in pregnancy and fetal malformations has been hypothesized. The classic clinical picture of ZIKV infection resembles that of dengue fever and is manifested by fever, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, conjunctivitis and maculopapular rash. The disease manifestations range from an influenza-like disease known as dengue fever to a severe, sometimes fatal disease characterized by haemorrhage and shock, known as dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. ĭENV and ZIKV are characterized by a human-to-mosquito-to-human cycle of transmission.ĭENV is the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease in tropical and subtropical countries. įinally, retrospective analyses to monitor the spread and to evaluate the role for public health of USUV in an endemic area conducted in the city of Modena showed a high seroprevalence in humans with or without neurologic impairments, underlying that USUV infection in humans should not be considered a sporadic event. In 2009, two cases of encephalitis in immunocompromised patients were reported in Italy, and additional USUV neuroinvasive infections in humans were described in Croatia in 2013 even in one healthy patient. Īlthough characterized by a lower pathogenicity than WNV, USUV pathogenic potential for human is not completely characterized, and knowledge about this crucial aspect is constantly evolving. USUV has been detected in Italy since 2007 in mosquitoes, birds and humans. Since 2013, WNV Lin2 was the main strain detected, and a west bound spread of the virus started. WNV lineage 1 (Lin1) was the only strain detected until 2011 when, for the first time, the presence of both WNV Lin1 and WNV lineage 2 (Lin2) was demonstrated. In Italy, an increasing number of outbreaks of West Nile disease, with occurrences of human cases, have been reported since 2008, mainly in the North East part of the Country. Mosquitoes infected with USUV can incidentally transmit the virus to other vertebrates, including humans, which can result in neuroinvasive disease. USUV is generally correlated with high mortality rates in its bird reservoirs. WNV neuroinvasive disease develops in <1% of WNV-infected persons. WNV risk for human health is well recognized: the majority (*80%) of infections in humans are asymptomatic, and symptomatic infections are mostly characterized by a mild, self-limiting febrile illness. Human infection through blood transfusion and solid organ transplantation is also demonstrated. WNV can be occasionally transmitted, through mosquito bites, to vertebrates other than birds as humans and horses that are considered dead-end hosts. WNV and USUV are antigenically close flavivirus with similar enzootic birds-mosquitoes transmission cycle where co-circulation has been reported in several studies. Given the complex epidemiology of MBDs, Public Health Authorities are encouraging the interaction between multiple disciplines to implement an effective early warning. and viruses as Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), transmitted by Aedes sp., not endemic in Italy but with the potential to spread to new areas where the mosquito vector is present.įurthermore, in the last 10 years (2007/2017), two autochthonous Chikungunya virus outbreaks (CHIKV_ Alphavirus genus, family Togaviridae transmitted by Aedes sp.) with hundreds of cases due to an imported case followed by local vectorial transmission occurred in Italy, showing the impact that this virus could have even in a non-endemic country. This genus includes viruses considered endemic in Italy as West Nile Virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) transmitted by Culex sp. Of great concern are the infections caused by viruses belonging to the Flavivirusgenus. Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) are dangerously increasing in prevalence, geographical distribution and severity, representing a worldwide emerging threat for both humans and animals. *Address all correspondence to: Introduction Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l’Ambiente (IPLA), Italy.Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Italy.
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